When embryonic stem cells were first discovered, they were a very sharp double edged sword. Embryonic stem cells have the ability to turn into any cell in the body - they are pluripotent, as compared to the multipotent human adult stem cells.
However, harvesting them means the destruction of an embryo, and despite the fact that they are only taken from embryos that would have been destroyed anyway, the ethical stem cell debate remains. Scientists have come to answers for this dilemma much faster than ethicists, though, and several new sources of adult stem cells have been found.
There have even been ways to turn more mature adult stem cells back into their more versatile, younger versions. Here we look at some of the new developments in adult stem cell cures and sources.
One of the newest sources of human adult stem cells is also one of the most amusing, and has made for some interesting news headlines over its period of reporting. Biopsies from human testicles have yielded pluripotent cells, even though they are from human adult stem cells.
This discovery has had extra value, as it creates a source of adult stem cells for stem cell therapy from a patient’s own body, removing the need to take immunosuppressant drugs as is sometimes the case with transplants. The cells have been reported as having the same therapeutic potential as embryonic ones do.
The discovery was made at the University of Tuebingen in Germany, where scientists used various chemicals to turn them into “skin, structures of the gut, cartilage, bone, muscle and neurons”, says Thomas Skutella, the adult stem cell research team’s leader. The researchers also reassure patients that the testicle biopsy procedure is no more painful than a routine skin biopsy.
Another new source of stem cells that have pluripotecy is not from an embryo itself, but quite close by - researchers at Wake Forest University School of Medicine have isolated stem cells from amniotic fluid. These cells were painstakingly separated from the rest of the amniotic fluid cells surrounding fetuses in utero, without any disruption to the fetus.
Stem cell cures could come from these cells, allowing stem cell therapy for stroke, injury recovery, and stem cell therapy for parkinson’s, as well as plastic surgery augmentation.
Stem cells that are potentially pluripotent have also been found in a much more plentiful source, where collecting them poses absolutely no threat to embryos - in the menstrual blood of women. This research was carried out at Keio University in Japan by Dr Shunichiro Miyoshi.
The team were able to create heart cells from the human adult stem cells collected, but it has not yet been determined whether they can actually form cells from the three main types of tissue in the body.
Stem cell therapy may also one day be carried out with another currently discarded human tissue source - children’s primary teeth.
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